Epidemic Response and Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Raina MacIntyre is an international leader in emerging infections, and is involved in numerous face mask, vaccine, influenza and other emerging infectious diseases research studies (including MERS CoV, Ebola, COVID-19, smallpox, anthrax) that directly inform national and international policy and practice in communicable disease control. Her research is underpinned by extensive field outbreak investigation experience. She is a graduate of the only Australian Field Epidemiology Training program, the MAE at ANU, and has extensive experience in shoe-leather epidemiology of infectious diseases outbreaks including influenza, meningococcal disease, clostridium perfringens, hepatitis A, legionella, mycoplasma, pertussis and gastroenteritis to name a few. Her in-depth understanding of the science of outbreak investigation draws from this experience combined with her academic training through a Masters and PhD in Epidemiology. Her passion for field epidemiology led her to co-found the ARM network for Australian outbreak response. She does research on the transmission dynamics and prevention of infectious diseases, particularly respiratory pathogens such as influenza, tuberculosis and other vaccine-preventable infections. She has also done research on using risk-analysis methods for analysing emerging infectious diseases outbreaks such as Ebola and MERS-CoV.

She led a NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Epidemic Response and now leads an epidemic observatory, EpiWatch, which gathers real-time intelligence on early outbreak signals from open source data. In 2021 she is working on developing the artificial intelligence capacity of EpiWatch to improve rapid outbreak signalling under a MRFF Frontiers grant. She won many career awards including the Sir Henry Wellcome Medal and Prize, from the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States in 2007 for her work on a risk-priority scoring system for category A bioterrorism agents; and the highest national award in infectious diseases, the Frank Fenner Award for Research in Infectious Diseases in 2003.

 

Selected Publications

Hanly MJ; Churches T; Fitzgerald O; Post JJ; MacIntyre CR; Jorm L, 2022, 'The impact of re-opening the international border on COVID-19 hospitalisations in Australia: a modelling study', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 216, pp. 39 - 42, http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51291

Raina MacIntyre C; Nguyen PY; Trent M; Seale H; Chughtai AA; Shah S; Marks GB, 2021, 'Adverse health effects in people with and without preexisting respiratory conditions during bushfire smoke exposure in the 2019/2020 australian summer', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 204, pp. 368 - 371, http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202012-4471LE

Akhtar Z; Chowdhury F; Aleem MA; Ghosh PK; Rahman M; Rahman M; Hossain ME; Sumiya MK; Islam AKMM; Uddin MJ; Macintyre CR; Cajander S; Frobert O, 2021, 'Undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcome in patients with acute MI and no COVID-19 symptoms', Open Heart, vol. 8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001617

Yunana D; Maclaine S; Tng KH; Zappia L; Bradley I; Roser D; Leslie G; MacIntyre CR; Le-Clech P, 2021, 'Developing Bayesian networks in managing the risk of Legionella colonisation of groundwater aeration systems', Water Research, vol. 193, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116854

Nguyen PY; Ajisegiri WS; Costantino V; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017-2020', Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 27, pp. 1007 - 1014, http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2704.203569

Hooshmand E; Moa A; Trent M; Kunasekaran M; Poulos CJ; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Epidemiology of 2017 influenza outbreaks in nine Australian Aged care facilities', Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, vol. 15, pp. 278 - 283, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12811

Quigley AL; Stone H; Nguyen PY; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Estimating the burden of COVID-19 on the Australian healthcare workers and health system during the first six months of the pandemic', International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 114, pp. 103811, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103811

Malaty M; Kayes T; Amarasekera AT; Kodsi M; MacIntyre CR; Tan TC, 2021, 'Incidence and treatment of arrhythmias secondary to coronavirus infection in humans: A systematic review', European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 51, pp. e13428, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.13428

MacIntyre CR; Binkin N, 2021, 'In the room where it happens: The consequences of the lack of public health expertise during the COVID-19 pandemic', Global Biosecurity, vol. 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/gbio.102

Najmi A; Nazari S; Safarighouzhdi F; Miller EJ; MacIntyre R; Rashidi TH, 2021, 'Easing or tightening control strategies: determination of COVID-19 parameters for an agent-based model', Transportationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-021-10210-7

Zhang Y; Muscatello D; Tian Y; Chen Y; Li S; Duan W; Ma C; Sun Y; Wu S; Ge L; Yang P; Jia L; Wang Q; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Role of presymptomatic transmission of COVID-19: Evidence from Beijing, China', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 75, pp. 84 - 87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214635

Heywood A; Dyda A; Hu W; Saha A; Mahimbo A; Gidding H; Kefalas B; Seale H; Macintyre CR; Zwar N; Rawlinson W, 2021, 'Seroprevalence of hepatitis B antibodies among international and domestic university students', Journal of Viral Hepatitishttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13580

Thamtono Y; Moa A; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Using open-source intelligence to identify early signals of COVID-19 in Indonesia', Western Pacific surveillance and response journal : WPSAR, vol. 12, pp. 40 - 45, http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2020.11.2.010

Nguyen P-Y; Ajisegiri WS; Costantino V; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020', Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 27, http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/203569

MacIntyre CR, Costantino V, Heslop DJ. The potential impact of a recent measles epidemic on COVID-19 in Samoa. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 7;20(1):735. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05469-7. 

Nguyen PY, Ajisegiri WS, Costantino V, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017-2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;27(4):1007–14.

Thamtono Y, Moa A, MacIntyre CR. Using open-source intelligence to identify early signals of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2021 Feb 17;12(1):40-45. doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2020.11.2.010

Akhtar Z, Chowdhury F, Aleem MA, Ghosh PK, Rahman M, Rahman M, Hossain ME, Sumiya MK, Islam AKMM, Uddin MJ, MacIntyre CR, Cajander S, Frobert O. Undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcome in patients with acute MI and no COVID-19 symptoms. Open Heart. 2021 Apr;8(1):e001617.

Li X, Wang Q, Ding P, Cha Y, Mao Y, Ding C, Gu W, Wang Y, Ying B, Zhao X, Pan L, Li Y, Chang J, Meng C, Zhou J, Tang Z, Sun R, Deng F, Wang C, Li L, Wang J, MacIntyre CR, Wu Z, Feng Z, Tang S, Xu D. Risk factors and on-site simulation of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the largest wholesale market of Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 15;778:146040

Yunana D, Maclaine S, Tng KH, Zappia L, Bradley I, Roser D, Leslie G, MacIntyre CR, Le-Clech P. Developing Bayesian networks in managing the risk of Legionella colonisation of groundwater aeration systems. Water Res. 2021 Apr 1;193:116854. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021

Quigley AL, Stone H, Nguyen PY, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Estimating the burden of COVID-19 on the Australian healthcare workers and health system during the first six months of the pandemic. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021 Feb;114:103811. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103811.

MacIntyre CR, Ananda-Rajah MR. Scientific evidence supports aerosol transmission of SARS-COV-2. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020 Dec 18;9(1):202. doi: 10.1186/s13756-020-00868-6. 

Malaty M, Kayes T, Amarasekera AT, Kodsi M, MacIntyre CR, Tan TC. Incidence and treatment of arrhythmias secondary to coronavirus infection in humans: A systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest. 2021 Feb;51(2):e13428. doi: 10.1111/eci.13428. Epub 2020 

Bahl P, de Silva C, Bhattacharjee S, Stone H, Doolan C, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Droplets and Aerosols Generated by Singing and the Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 for Choirs. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 18;72(10)

Zhang Y, Muscatello D, Tian Y, Chen Y, Li S, Duan W, Ma C, Sun Y, Wu S, Ge L, Yang P, Jia L, Wang Q, MacIntyre CR. Role of presymptomatic transmission of COVID-19: evidence from Beijing, China. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021 Jan;75(1):84-87.

Bahl P, de Silva CM, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR, Doolan C. An experimental framework to capture the flow dynamics of droplets expelled by a sneeze. Exp Fluids. 2020;61(8):176. 

Tang S, Mao Y, Jones RM, Tan Q, Ji JS, Li N, Shen J, Lv Y, Pan L, Ding P, Wang X, Wang Y, MacIntyre CR, Shi X. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control. Environ Int. 2020 Nov;144:106039.

Luo Z, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, MacIntyre CR, Liang Y, Wang Q, Ma Y. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from international arrivals: Xiaotangshan Designated Hospital, China. Bull World Health Organ. 2021 May 1;99(5):374-380.

Adam DC, Chen X, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Dwyer D, Kok J. The Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Phylogenetics of Rhinoviruses among Paediatric Cases in Sydney, Australia. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 23:S1201-9712(21)00537-3.

Heywood AE; Macintyre CR, 2020, 'Elimination of COVID-19: what would it look like and is it possible?', The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, pp. 1005 - 1007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30633-2 Heywood A, MacIntyre CR. Elimination of COVID-19. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020

MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Case isolation, contact tracing, and physical distancing are pillars of COVID-19 pandemic control, not optional choices.', Lancet Infect Dishttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30512-0

MacIntyre CR, Chen X, Adam DC, Chughtai AA. Epidemiology of paediatric Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and implications for the control of coronavirus virus disease 2019. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020 Oct;56(10):1561-1564

Xia J, Adam DC, Moa A, Chughtai AA, Barr IG, Komadina N, MacIntyre CR. Comparative epidemiology, phylogenetics, and transmission patterns of severe influenza A/H3N2 in Australia from 2003 to 2017. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020 Nov;14(6):700-709.

MacIntyre CR; Heslop DJ, 2020, 'Public health, health systems and palliation planning for COVID-19 on an exponential timeline', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 212, pp. 440 - 442.e1, http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50592

MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Case isolation, contact tracing, and physical distancing are pillars of COVID-19 pandemic control, not optional choices', The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, pp. 1105 - 1106, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30512-0

MacIntyre CR; Ananda-Rajah M; Nicholls M; Quigley AL, 2020, 'Current COVID-19 guidelines for respiratory protection of health care workers are inadequate', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 213, pp. 251 - 252.e1, http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50752

Quigley AL; Stone H; Nguyen PY; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Estimating the burden of COVID-19 on the Australian healthcare workers and health system during the first six months of the pandemic', International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 114, pp. 103811, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103811

Zhang Y; Muscatello D; Tian Y; Chen Y; Li S; Duan W; Ma C; Sun Y; Wu S; Ge L; Yang P; Jia L; Wang Q; MacIntyre CR, 2021, 'Role of presymptomatic transmission of COVID-19: Evidence from Beijing, China', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 75, pp. 84 - 87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214635

MacIntyre CR; Costantino V; Heslop DJ, 2020, 'The potential impact of a recent measles epidemic on COVID-19 in Samoa', BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, pp. 735, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05469-7

Bahl P; de Silva C; Bhattacharjee S; Stone H; Doolan C; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Droplets and Aerosols generated by singing and the risk of COVID-19 for choirs.', Clin Infect Dishttp://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1241

Raina MacIntyre C; Chughtai AA, 2020, 'Respiratory protection during the COVID-19 pandemic – the evidence shows it works: Author's response to Mandal et al., 2020.', International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 109, pp. 103717, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103717

Costantino V; Heslop DJ; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'The effectiveness of full and partial travel bans against COVID-19 spread in Australia for travellers from China during and after the epidemic peak in China', Journal of travel medicine, vol. 27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa081

Ma T; Heywood A; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Travel health risk perceptions of Chinese international students in Australia – Implications for COVID-19', Infection, Disease and Health, vol. 25, pp. 197 - 204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.03.002

Wang X; Pan Y; Zhang D; Chen L; Jia L; Li X; Yang P; Wang Q; Macintyre CR, 2020, 'Basic epidemiological parameter values from data of real-world in mega-cities: The characteristics of COVID-19 in Beijing, China', BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, pp. 526, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05251-9

Kpozehouen EB; Chen X; Zhu M; Macintyre CR, 2020, 'Using open-source intelligence to detect early signals of COVID-19 in China: Descriptive study', JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, vol. 6, pp. 415 - 420, http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18939

Ngonghala CN; Iboi E; Eikenberry S; Scotch M; MacIntyre CR; Bonds MH; Gumel AB, 2020, 'Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus', Mathematical biosciences, vol. 325, pp. 108364, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108364

Chughtai AA; Seale H; Islam MS; Owais M; Macintyre CR, 2020, 'Policies on the use of respiratory protection for hospital health workers to protect from coronavirus disease (COVID-19)', International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 105, pp. 103567, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103567

Bahl P; Doolan C; de Silva C; Chughtai AA; Bourouiba L; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating COVID-19?', J Infect Dishttp://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa189

MacIntyre CR. Reevaluating the Risk of Smallpox Reemergence. Mil Med. 2020 Aug 14;185(7-8):e952-e957. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usaa084. 

Joshi A; Sparks R; McHugh J; Karimi S; Paris C; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Harnessing Tweets for Early Detection of an Acute Disease Event', Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), vol. 31, pp. 90 - 97, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001133

Segelov E; Prenen H; Day D; Raina Macintyre C; Foo EMJ; Ali R; Wang Q; Wei X; de Lima Lopes G; Ding K; Chen G; Chia JWK; Toh HC, 2020, 'Impact of the CoviD-19 epidemic on a pan-Asian academic oncology clinical trial', JCO Global Oncology, vol. 6, pp. 585 - 588, http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/GO.20.00072

Lesmanawati DAS; Veenstra P; Moa A; Adam DC; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'A rapid risk analysis tool to prioritise response to infectious disease outbreaks.', BMJ Glob Health, vol. 5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002327

Segelov E; Prenen H; Day D; Raina Macintyre C; Foo EMJ; Ali R; Wang Q; Wei X; de Lima Lopes G; Ding K; Chen G; Chia JWK; Toh HC, 2020, 'Impact of the CoviD-19 epidemic on a pan-Asian academic oncology clinical trial', JCO Global Oncology, vol. 6, pp. 585 - 588, http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/GO.20.00072

MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'On a knife’s edge of a COVID-19 pandemic: Is containment still possible?', Public Health Research and Practice, vol. 30, http://dx.doi.org/10.17061/phrp3012000

Segelov E; Underhill C; Prenen H; Karapetis C; Jackson C; Nott L; Clay T; Pavlakis N; Sabesan S; Heywood E; Steer C; Lethborg C; Gan HK; Yip D; Karanth N; Karikios D; Raina MacIntyre C, 2020, 'Practical considerations for treating patients with cancer in the COVID-19 pandemic', JCO Oncology Practice, vol. 16, pp. 467 - 482, http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/OP.20.00229

Mohanty B; Costantino V; Narain J; Chughtai AA; Das A; Raina Macintyre C, 2020, 'Modelling the impact of a smallpox attack in India and influence of disease control measures', BMJ Open, vol. 10, pp. e038480, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038480

MacIntyre CR; Ananda-Rajah MR, 2020, 'Scientific evidence supports aerosol transmission of SARS-COV-2', Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, vol. 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00868-6

Moa AM, Muscatello DJ, Turner RM, MacIntyre CR. Estimated hospitalisations attributable to seasonal and pandemic influenza in Australia: 2001- 2013. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 13;15(4):e0230705. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230705. eCollection 2020.

Xia J, Adam DC, Moa A, Chughtai AA, Barr IG, Komadina N, et al. Comparative epidemiology, phylogenetics, and transmission patterns of severe influenza A/H3N2 in Australia from 2003 to 2017. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020.

Tang S; Mao Y; Jones RM; Tan Q; Ji JS; Li N; Shen J; Lv Y; Pan L; Ding P; Wang X; Wang Y; MacIntyre CR; Shi X, 2020, 'Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control', Environment International, vol. 144, pp. 106039, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106039

MacIntyre CR; Chen X; Adam DC; Chughtai AA, 2020, 'Epidemiology of paediatric Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and implications for the control of coronavirus virus disease 2019', Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 56, pp. 1561 - 1564, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15014

Chen X; Chughtai AA; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'Application of a Risk Analysis Tool to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak in Saudi Arabia', Risk Analysis, vol. 40, pp. 915 - 925, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13472

Costantino V; Trent MJ; Sullivan JS; Kunasekaran MP; Gray R; MacIntyre R, 2020, 'Serological immunity to smallpox in New South Wales, Australia', Viruses, vol. 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050554

Chen X; Adam DC; Chughtai AA; Stelzer-Braid S; Scotch M; MacIntyre CR, 2020, 'The phylogeography of MERS-CoV in hospital outbreak-associated cases compared to sporadic cases in Saudi Arabia', Viruses, vol. 12, pp. 540 - 540, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050540

Malaty M; Kayes T; Amarasekera AT; Kodsi M; MacIntyre CR; Tan TC, 2020, 'Incidence and treatment of arrhythmias secondary to coronavirus infection in humans: A systematic review', European Journal of Clinical Investigation, pp. e13428, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.13428

Joshi A, Sparks R, Karimi S, Yan SJ, Chughtai AA, Paris C, MacIntyre CR. Automated monitoring of tweets for early detection of the 2014 Ebola epidemic. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 17;15(3):e0230322. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230322. eCollection 2020.

MacIntyre CR, Das A, Chen X, Silva C, Doolan C. Evidence of Long-Distance Aerial Convection of Variola Virus and Implications for Disease Control. Viruses. 2019 Dec 27;12(1):33. doi: 10.3390/v12010033.

MacIntyre CR; Costantino V; Kunasekaran MP, 2019, 'Health system capacity in Sydney, Australia in the event of a biological attack with smallpox', PLoS ONE, vol. 14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217704

Barnes CE; MacIntyre CR, 2019, 'Risk modelling the mortality impact of antimicrobial resistance in secondary pneumococcal pneumonia infections during the 2009 influenza pandemic', International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 85, pp. 1 - 6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.05.005

Sparks R; Jin B; Karimi S; Paris C; MacIntyre CR, 2019, 'Rejoinder', Quality Engineering, vol. 31, pp. 105 - 107, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2018.1547831

Sparks R; Jin B; Karimi S; Paris C; MacIntyre CR, 2019, 'Real-time monitoring of events applied to syndromic surveillance', Quality Engineering, vol. 31, pp. 73 - 90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2018.1537443

Moa AM; Adam DC; MacIntyre CR, 2019, 'Inter-seasonality of influenza in Australia.', Influenza Other Respir Viruseshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12642

Joshi A, Sparks R, McHugh J, Karimi S, Paris C, MacIntyre CR. Harnessing Tweets for Early Detection of an Acute Disease Event. Epidemiology. 2019 Oct 21. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001133.

Joshi A; Karim S; Sparks R; Paris C; MacIntyre R, 2019, 'Survey of Text-based Epidemic Intelligence: A Computational Linguistic Perspective', ACM Computing Surveys

Jayasundara D; Hui BB; Regan DG; Heywood AE; MacIntyre CR; Wood JG, 2019, 'Modelling the decline and future of hepatitis A transmission in Australia', Journal of Viral Hepatitis, vol. 26, pp. 199 - 207, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13018

Hii A, Chughtai AA, Housen T, Saketa A, Kunasekaran MP, Sulaiman F, et al. Epidemic intelligence needs of stakeholders in the Asia–Pacific region. Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2018 Dec;9(4). doi:10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.2.009

Bui CM, Adam DC, Njoto E, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR. Characterising routes of H5N1 and H7N9 spread in China using Bayesian phylogeographical analysis. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 2018; 7(1):184

Chen X, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Recalibration of the Grunow-Finke Assessment Tool to improve performance in detecting unnatural epidemics. Risk Analysis. 2018 Dec 24

MacIntyre CR, Dyda A, Bui CM, Chughtai AA. Author Response to Comments on “Rolling epidemic of Legionnaires’ disease outbreaks in small geographic areas”. Emerging microbes & infections. 2018;7.

Jayasundara D, Hui BB, Regan DG, Heywood AE, MacIntyre CR, Wood JG. Modelling the decline and future of hepatitis A transmission in Australia. Journal of viral hepatitis. 2018 Oct 13.

Ajisegiri WS, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. A Risk Analysis Approach to Prioritizing Epidemics: Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa as a Case Study. Risk Analysis. 2018 Mar;38(3):429-41

Adam, D.C., Jonnagaddala, J., Han-Chen, D., Batongbacal, S., Almeida, L., Zhu, J.Z., Yang, J.J., Mundekkat, J.M., Badman, S., Chughtai, A. and MacIntyre, C.R., 2017. ZikaHack 2016: A digital disease detection competition. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Disease Detection using Social Media 2017 (DDDSM-2017) (pp. 39-46).

Dillon C Adam, Matthew Scotch, C Raina MacIntyre; Bayesian phylogeography and pathogenic characterisation of smallpox based on HAATI and CrmB genes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, , msy153, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy153

MacIntyre CR, Valentina C, Xin C, et al. Influence of Population Immunosuppression and Past Vaccination on Smallpox Reemergence. Emerging Infectious Disease journal. 2018;24(4).

Raina MacIntyre, C., Engells, T.E., Scotch, M. et al. Converging and emerging threats to health security, Environ Syst Decis (2018) 38: 198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0

Njoto EN;Scotch M;Bui CM;Adam DC;Chughtai AA;Macintyre CR, 2018, 'Phylogeography of H5N1 avian influenza virus in Indonesia', Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12883

Valentina Costantino, Mohana P Kunasekaran, Abrar A Chughtai, Chandini R MacIntyre; How Valid Are Assumptions About Re-emerging Smallpox? A Systematic Review of Parameters Used in Smallpox Mathematical Models, Military Medicinehttps://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx092

MacIntyre CR;Dyda A;Bui CM;Chughtai AA, 2018, 'Rolling epidemic of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks in small geographic areas article', Emerging Microbes and Infections, vol. 7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41426-018-0051-z

Pan Y, Q Wang, P Yang, L Zhang, S Wu, Y Zhang, Y Sun, W Duan, C Ma, M Zhang, X Zhang, and C R MacIntyre (2017) Influenza vaccination in preventing outbreaks in schools: A long-term ecological overview Vaccine

Ralf Itzwerth, Aye Moa, C. Raina MacIntyre. Australia’s influenza pandemic preparedness plans: an analysis J Public Health Pol (2017)

Narain JP, Dhariwal AC, MacIntyre CR, 2017, 'Acute encephalitis in india: An unfolding tragedy', Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 145, pp. 584 - 587, http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_409_17

MacIntyre CR, Bui CM. Pandemics, public health emergencies and antimicrobial resistance - putting the threat in an epidemiologic and risk analysis context. Archives of Public Health. 2017;75(1):54.

Ajisegiri W S, Chughtai A A,  and MacIntyre C R. (2017), A Risk Analysis Approach to Prioritizing Epidemics: Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa as a Case Study. Risk Analysis. doi:10.1111/risa.12876

Heslop DJ, Chughtai AA, Bui CM, MacIntyre CR. Publicly available software tools for decision-makers during an emergent epidemic—Systematic evaluation of utility and usability. June 2017, Epidemics. Full text

Ajisegiri W S, Chughtai A A,  and MacIntyre C R. (2017), A Risk Analysis Approach to Prioritizing Epidemics: Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa as a Case Study. Risk Analysis. doi:10.1111/risa.12876

Heslop DJ, Chughtai AA, Bui CM, MacIntyre CR. Publicly available software tools for decision-makers during an emergent epidemic—Systematic evaluation of utility and usability. June 2017, Epidemics. Full text

Moa AM, Muscatello DJ, Turner RM, MacIntyre CR. Epidemiology of influenza B in Australia: 2001-2014 influenza seasons. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(2):102-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27650482

Muscatello DJ, Chughtai AA, Heywood A, Gardner LM, Heslop DJ, MacIntyre CR. Translation of Real-Time Infectious Disease Modeling into Routine Public Health Practice. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28418309

Bui CM; Gardner L; MacIntyre R; Sarkar S, 2017, 'Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 in China: A spatial risk analysis', PLoS ONE, vol. 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174980

Bui C; Bethmont A; Chughtai AA; Gardner L; Sarkar S; Hassan S; Seale H; MacIntyre CR, 2016, 'A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9-Lessons and Unanswered Questions', TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES, vol. 63, pp. 602 - 620, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12327

Bui CM;Chughtai AA;Adam DC;MacIntyre CR, 2017, 'An overview of the epidemiology and emergence of influenza A infection in humans over time', Archives of Public Health, vol. 75, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0182-z

Narasimhan P, MacIntyre CR, Mathai D, Wood J. High rates of latent TB infection in contacts and the wider community in South India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2017:1-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407146

Awadh A, Chughtai AA, Dyda A, Sheikh M, Heslop DJ, MacIntyre CR. Does Zika Virus Cause Microcephaly – Applying the Bradford Hill Viewpoints. PLOS Currents Outbreaks. 2017 Feb 22 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.2fced6e886074f6db162a00d4940133b.

Saha A, Rosewell A, Hayen A, MacIntyre CR, Qadri F, 2017, 'Improving immunization approaches to cholera', Expert Review of Vaccines, vol. 16, pp. 235 - 248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2017.1249470, ROS ID: 853541

WONG ZS Y, BUI CM, CHUGHTAI AA, MACINTYRE CR, 2017, 'A systematic review of early modelling studies of Ebola virus disease in West Africa', Epidemiology and Infection, pp. 1 - 26, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268817000164, ROS ID: 874683

Chughtai AA, Wang Q, Dung TC, Macintyre CR, 2017, 'The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections', Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 145, pp. 148 - 155, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816002181, ROS ID: 847567

Gardner, LM, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Risk of global spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) via the air transport network. Journal of Travel Medicine. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taw063 First published online: 5 September 2016

Bethmont A, Bui CM, Gardner L, Sarkar S, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Quantified degree of poultry exposure differs for human cases of avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9. Epidemiology and Infection 2016; 1-8.  [Epub ahead of print]

Chughtai AABarnes MMacIntyre CR. Persistence of Ebola virus in various body fluids during convalescence: evidence and implications for disease transmission and control. Epidemiol Infect.2016 Jan 25:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] 

Bui CM, Gardner L, MacIntyre CR. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, Midwestern United States [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jan.  Vol. 22, number 1, 138-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2201.151053

Bui CRahman BHeywood AEMacIntyre CR. A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 Infection in Birds. Transbound Emerg Dis.2016 Jan 10. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12466. [Epub ahead of print]

MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. Recurrence and reinfection– a new paradigm for management of Ebola virus disease (EVD).Int J Infect Dis 2015; 43:58-61.

Zhang D, WuS, ZhangY, Yang P, MacIntyreCR, SealeH  and *WangQ. Health literacy in Beijing: an assessment of adults’ knowledge and skills regarding communicable diseases. BMC Public Health2015, 15:799. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2151-1

Heywood AE, Forssman BL, Seale H, MacIntyre CR, Zwar N. General Practitioners' Perception of Risk for Travelers Visiting Friends and Relatives. Journal of Travel Medicine, 2015.First published online: 15 JUL 2015. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12229

Chughtai AA, Rehman B, MacIntyre CR. Commentary on: Arriola et al. Antivirals and Effect Modification in Influenza Studies. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2015. First published online: 14 JUL 2015. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv384

Ma THeywood AMacIntyreCR. Chinese travellers visiting friends and relatives - A review of infectious risks. Travel Med Infect Dis.2015 May 14. pii: S1477-8939(15)00083-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.05.004. [Epub ahead of print] 

Zhang Y, Sun W, Svendsen ER, Tang S, MacIntyre CR, Yang P, Zhang D, *Wang Q. Do corticosteroids reduce the mortality of influenza A (H1N1) infection? A meta-analysis. Crit Care 2015;19(46):1-11. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0764-5. Epub 2015 Feb 20.

Wang X, Wu S, MacIntyre CR, Zhang H, Shi W, Peng X, et al. Using an Adjusted Serfling Regression Model to Improve the Early Warning at the Arrival of Peak Timing of Influenza in Beijing. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0119923.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119923

*MacIntyre, CR, Travaglia, J. Heightened vulnerability, reduced oversight and ethical breaches on the Internet in the in West African Ebola epidemic. The American Journal of Bioethics, 2015.

Bui, C., A. Bethmont, A. A. Chughtai, L. Gardner, S. Sarkar, S. Hassan, H. Seale and C. R. MacIntyre, 2015: A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 – Lessons and Unanswered Questions. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Jan 29, 2015. [Epub ahead of print]

Wood JG, Heywood AE, Menzies RI, McIntyre PB, MacIntyre CR. Predicting localised measles outbreak potential in Australia. Vaccine. 2015 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print]

Hassan S, Kirk M, Stewart T, MacIntyre CR*. The ARM Network--a model for infectious disease surge response capacity in the Western Pacific Region. Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2014 Jun 16;5(2):5-8. doi: 10.5365/WPSAR.2014.5.2.011.

*MacIntyre CR. The discrepant epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Environ Syst Decis. 2014:1-8.

*Gardner LM and MacIntyreCR. Unanswered questions about the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). BMC Research Notes2014, 7:358 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-358 

*Lauren M. GardnerDavid ReyAnita E. HeywoodRenin TomsJames WoodS. Travis WallerMohamud SheikhC. Raina MacIntyreA scenario-based evaluation of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the Hajj. Risk Analysis 2014;34(8):1391-400. doi: 10.1111/risa.12253 

*Muscatello DJ, Amin J, MacIntyre CR, Newall AT, Rawlinson WD, et al. (2014) Inaccurate Ascertainment of Morbidity and Mortality due to Influenza in Administrative Databases: A Population-Based Record Linkage Study. PLoS ONE 9(5): e98446.

*Muscatello DJ, Newall AT, Dwyer DE, MacIntyre CR. Mortality Attributable to Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza, Australia, 2003 to 2009, Using a Novel Time Series Smoothing Approach. PLoS ONE 2013; 8(6): e64734.

*Macintyre CR, Ridda I, Seale H, Gao Z, Ratnamohan VM, Donovan L, Zeng F, Dwyer DE. Respiratory viruses transmission from children to adults within a household. Vaccine. 30(19):3009-14, 2012 Apr 19.

*Macintyre CR, Burgess M, Isaacs D, McIntyre PB, Menzies R, Hull B. Epidemiology of severe hepatitis A in Indigenous Australian children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 May;43(5):383-387.

*Itzwerth RL, Macintyre CR, Shah S, Plant AJ. Pandemic influenza and critical infrastructure dependencies: possible impact on hospitals. Med J Aust. 2006 Nov 20;185(10):S70-S72.

*MacIntyre, CR; Goebel, K; Brown, GV. Patient knows best: blinded assessment of non-adherence with anti-tuberculous therapy by physicians, nurses and patients compared with urine drug levels. Preventive Medicine. 40(1):41-5, 2005.

*MacIntyre CR, McIntyre PB, Cagney M. Community based incidence and risk factors for all-cause childhood pneumonia in Western Sydney, Australia. Epi & Infection 2003;131:1091-6.

*MacIntyre CR, Hull B, Burgess MA, Gay NJ. Measles control in NSW Divisions of General Practice. NSW Public Health Bulletin. 2003; 14:13-17

*MacIntyre CR, Goebel K, Brown GV, Skull SA, Starr M, Fulinfaw RO. A randomised, controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of family based direct observation of anti-tuberculous therapy in an urban, developed-country setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003; 7(9):848-54

*MacIntyre CR, Gay NJ, Gidding H, Hull B, Gilbert GL, McIntyre P. A mathematical model to measure the impact of the Measles Control Campaign on the potential for measles transmission in Australia. Int J Infect Dis. 2002 Dec;6(4):277-81.

*MacIntyre CR. Empson M. Boardman C. Sindhusake D. Lokan J. Brown GV. Risk factors for colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a Melbourne hospital. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 22(10):624-9, 2001 October.

*MacIntyre CR. A case of uveitis associated with rifabutin in an HIV-negative patient with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. Infectious Diseases In Clinical Practice 2000; Vol 9(8):pp 330-331.

 *MacIntyre CR, Ansari MZ, Carnie J, Hart WG. No evidence for multiple drug prophylaxis for tuberculosis compared to isoniazid alone in South-East Asian refugees and migrants - completion and compliance are major determinants of effectiveness.  Preventive Medicine. 2000; 30:425-432

*MacIntyre CR, Carnie J, Randall M.  Risk of transmission of tuberculosis among inmates of an Australian prison. Epidemiology & Infection 1999;123:437-443.

*MacIntyre CR, Kendig N, Kummer L, Birago S, Plant AJ.  Unrecognised transmission of tuberculosis in prisons.  European Journal of Epidemiology 1999; 15:705-709.

*MacIntyre CR, Plant, AJ.Longitudinal incidence of tuberculosis in South-East Asian refugees after re-settlement.  Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999; 3:1-7.

*MacIntyre CR, Plant, AJ. Impact of policy and practice on the effectiveness of contact screening for tuberculosis.  Preventive Medicine. 1998; 27: 830-837.

 *MacIntyre CR, Plant, AJ. Preventability of incident cases of tuberculosis in recently exposed contacts. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1998; 2:56-61.

 *MacIntyre CR, Plant AJ.  Tuberculosis in South-East Asian refugees - can prevention be improved by better policy and practice? Preventive Medicine. 1998; 27:815-820.

*MacIntyre CR, Plant AJ, Yung A, Streeton JA.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis  Missed opportunities for prevention of tuberculosis (letter). 1998; 2:346-7.

 *MacIntyre CR, Plant AJ, Yung A, Streeton JA.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Missed opportunities for prevention of tuberculosis in Victoria, Australia.  1997; 1:135-41.

*MacIntyre CR, Kendig N, Kummer L, Birago S, Graham N. Impact of tuberculosis control measures and crowding on the incidence of tuberculosis infection in Maryland prisons. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1060-1067.  (Cited in Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's textbook of infectious diseases “Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5th edition, 2000)

*MacIntyre CR, Kendig N, Kummer L, Birago S, Graham NHM. Exposure to infectious tuberculosis in PPD skin test converters in Maryland prisons. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:A564.

*MacIntyre CR, Plant AJ, Hulls J, Streeton JA, Graham NMH, Rouch GJ.  High rate of tuberculosis transmission in an office setting - impact of delayed diagnosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995; 21: 1170-4.

*MacIntyre R, Lehmann N, Leydon J. An outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Victoria, 1992. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1993; 17:32-5.

*MacIntyre R, Wilby R, Alter M, Brown R. An outbreak of gastroenteritis at a Melbourne Metropolitan Lifesaving Club. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1993; 17:90-1.

*MacIntyre R, Murphy A, Taylor K. Meningococcal meningitis at a retirement village, Melbourne 1992 - Neisseria meningitidis carriage survey and prophylaxis of contacts. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1993;17:287-288.

*MacIntyre R, Wilby R. An outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis at a Melbourne hospital, 1993. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1993;17:257-259. 

*MacIntyre R, Mansell C, Lynch P, Rich J. An outbreak of influenza A at a Victorian nursing home. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1993;18:32-34.

 *MacIntyre CR, Dwyer B, Streeton JA. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Victoria. Medical Journal of Australia 1993;159: 672-677.

 

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